Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors present a efficient platform for chemical applications. These reactors utilize loosely packed hollow fibers as the transmembrane element, offering significant surface area for mass transfer. The structure of the fibers facilitates efficient circulation of both material and effluent. Applications of hollow fiber mem

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) employing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes have emerged as a promising solution for wastewater treatment due to their high efficiency in removing both organic and inorganic pollutants. This article presents a detailed performance evaluation of PVDF membrane bioreactors, examining key factors such as permeate qual